Trade & Economic Glossary
Commercial Invoice vs Packing List: Required Fields
An invoice proves price and terms; a packing list proves cartons and weights. Here is the difference and the fields Korea Customs and 19 CFR 141.86 expect.
Export & Import Practice
Hands-on export and import know-how in one place: shipping documents and freight, tariffs and customs, and the terms every trader uses. 25 posts.
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Shipping & Incoterms
Demurrage vs Detention: Meaning and How to Count Free Time
Demurrage is the fee for a carrier container kept inside the terminal past free time; detention applies once it is outside. How to count days and read the bill.
Trade & Economic Glossary
Letter of Credit vs T/T: Meaning and How to Choose
A letter of credit pays only if documents match. A wire transfer pays when the buyer sends funds. Compare timing, the 21-day rule, and discrepancy risk.
Shipping & Incoterms
Bill of Lading vs Sea Waybill: When to Surrender
A bill of lading is a document of title; a sea waybill is not. Compare original, surrender, and waybill release, and when to skip couriering originals.
Trade & Economic Glossary
Letter of Credit Meaning: Issuance, Negotiation, and How to Avoid Discrepancies
A letter of credit is a bank promise to pay if documents match. This note covers issuance, presentation, negotiation, and how to avoid mismatches under UCP 600.
Tariffs & Customs
How to Issue a Certificate of Origin: Authority vs Self-Issuance
Korean certificates of origin: chamber, customs, or exporter self-issuance by FTA, what to file before shipment, and mistakes that get claims refused.
Tariffs & Customs
Korea Export Duty Drawback: Deadlines and the Two Claim Methods
What Korea’s export duty drawback refunds, the five-year claim window, the two-year import lookback, and individual vs SME flat-rate claims.
Tariffs & Customs
What Is an HS Code? How Exporters Look Up and Classify Goods
What an HS code is, how exporters look up and classify goods, the 6-digit international vs 10-digit Korean HSK difference, and why it matters for duty rates and FTA.
Tariffs & Customs
U.S. Tariffs Oct 2026: Exporter Response Guide
A practical exporter guide to unsettled U.S. tariffs as of October 2026—Korea’s 15% deal context, Section 301, and IEEPA court rulings.
Shipping & Incoterms
CFS vs CY in Shipping: Meanings and Differences
CFS (Container Freight Station) and CY (Container Yard) explained for traders—where cargo is handled, who pays, and how the terms differ in practice.
Shipping & Incoterms
FCL vs LCL: Meaning, Cost Math and When to Use Each
FCL vs LCL ocean freight explained: W/M pricing, container capacity, finding your break-even, and the LCL charges and delays shippers miss.
Shipping & Incoterms
What Is CBM in Logistics? Meaning and Use
CBM (Cubic Meter) in shipping: what it means, how freight volume is calculated, and why CBM matters for LCL quotes and logistics planning.