Trade & Economic Glossary
Commercial Invoice vs Packing List: Required Fields
An invoice proves price and terms; a packing list proves cartons and weights. Here is the difference and the fields Korea Customs and 19 CFR 141.86 expect.
Trade & Economic Glossary
Short, accurate definitions of the trade and economic terms you meet in deals and in the news. 14 posts.
Trade & Economic Glossary
Institute Cargo Clauses A, B, C: Coverage and How to Choose
How ICC (A), (B) and (C) cargo cover differs, the CIF and CIP minimums under Incoterms 2020, the 110% insured value and what to prepare for a claim.
Trade & Economic Glossary
Letter of Credit vs T/T: Meaning and How to Choose
A letter of credit pays only if documents match. A wire transfer pays when the buyer sends funds. Compare timing, the 21-day rule, and discrepancy risk.
Trade & Economic Glossary
Letter of Credit Meaning: Issuance, Negotiation, and How to Avoid Discrepancies
A letter of credit is a bank promise to pay if documents match. This note covers issuance, presentation, negotiation, and how to avoid mismatches under UCP 600.
Trade & Economic Glossary
MOQ Explained: Meaning for Purchasing and Trade
MOQ (Minimum Order Quantity) in purchasing and international trade—what it means, why suppliers set it, and related quantity concepts buyers meet.
Trade & Economic Glossary
PI, PO, OC: Trade Contract Documents Explained
Proforma invoice (PI), purchase order (PO), and order confirmation (OC)—what each trade contract document means and how they work together in practice.
Trade & Economic Glossary
NASDAQ and the NASDAQ Composite Index Explained
What NASDAQ is and how the NASDAQ Composite Index works—why tech-heavy listings matter and how beginners can read this market benchmark.
Trade & Economic Glossary
Mortgage Meaning and the Subprime Crisis
Mortgages and mortgage-backed securities explained, plus how the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis unfolded and why it still matters for economic literacy.
Trade & Economic Glossary
Sovereign Default Declaration: Meaning and Cases
What a sovereign default declaration means, how it differs from a moratorium, and real-world cases that show the economic shock of unpaid national debt.
Trade & Economic Glossary
Moratorium Meaning and Real-World Cases
What a moratorium declaration means in economics and finance, how it differs from default, and notable cases that illustrate the practical impact.
Trade & Economic Glossary
Exchange Rate Meaning and Why Fluctuations Matter
What an exchange rate is and why FX moves matter for importers and exporters—pricing, margins, and practical implications of currency fluctuation.
Trade & Economic Glossary
Trade Balance Meaning: Reading Surplus and Deficit
What trade balance (balance of trade) means for exporters and policymakers—how to read surplus vs deficit without confusing it with everyday P&L.
Trade & Economic Glossary
Game Theory: Definition, Meaning, and Examples
Game theory basics for business and economics: core ideas, payoff thinking, and simple examples that show how strategic decisions interact.
Trade & Economic Glossary
Inflation and Deflation: Definitions and Impact
Clear definitions of inflation and deflation, how each shows up in prices and demand, and why the difference matters for business and trade planning.